The following article is an updated version of one I wrote several years ago. It has had over 30,000 readers in the last 3 months and has prompted hundreds of comments and lively feedback. I do hope you’ll find it interesting and feel compelled to share your thoughts and insights.
Keep in mind, this is an objective, broad look at the debate of paper vs. plastic grocery bags. Is it a complete, scientific assessment? No. However, it’s a good start, filled with facts and one that I hope gets you thinking the next time you’re confronted with the choice. Enjoy.
Paper or Plastic? Stupid Question
You step up to the register, the cashier asks if you’ve found everything ok and then hits you with the inevitable question: Paper or plastic? I hope the answer would be “No thanks – I brought my own”.
Let’s just pretend it’s one of those rare days when you’re caught without your reusable bags (it’s ok – I’ve been guilty of this a time or two) and you have to choose – will it be paper or plastic? How do you decide?
I realize this is a hotly debated topic and my goal is to simply point out the pros and cons of each option. Let’s face it – paper and plastic are both taxing to the environment. Once you’ve read the information below, I hope you’ll feel more confident in your decision.
The Plastic Bag – a bit of history
These days, most plastic bags are made from a type of plastic called polyethylene. 80% of polyethylene is produced from natural gas – an abundant, yet non-renewable resource. Polyethylene, as a raw material, can be manipulated into any shape, size, form or color. It’s watertight and can made UV resistant. It can be printed on and reused many, many times. In many cases, it can be recycled but is not considered “cradle to cradle” meaning it cannot be recycled over and over nor returned to an organic state.
According to a timeline published by plasticsindustry.org, the first plastic bags were baggies and sandwich bags on a roll introduced in 1957. The industry continued to grow and between 1974-1975 retail giants such as Sears, J.C. Penney, Federated and Allied adopted plastic bags for store merchandise. When did the plastic grocery bag hit the market? That would be 1977, the year Jimmy Carter was sworn in as our 39th President, Star Wars hit the theatre and Apple Computer was incorporated.
In 1996 it was estimated that 4 out of 5 grocery bags used were plastic.
Where does plastic go when thrown away?
2005 EPA research shows that approximately 5.2% of plastic bags are recycled. I was a tad disappointed to hear that number too. On the bright side, the number of pounds of plastic bags recovered according to plasticbagrecycling.org is a 24% increase in 2006 over that of 2005. This is based on a report produced by the American Chemistry Council. So, while the overall number is abysmally small, it is on the rise.
Plastic bags can be melted and reformed into products such as plastic lumber used on decks, fence material, park benches and other industrial and residential goods.
Where do the other 94.8% that aren’t recycled go? They typically end up in your local landfill. How long until they break down? No one really knows but we can speculate. The SPI (the plastic industries trade organization) openly admits on its website that most plastics don’t biodegrade – that’s the process of breaking down completely into organic material which is then assimilated back into the soil. Most plastic will photo-degrade. This means, over time and when exposed to ultraviolet rays from sunlight, the plastic material’s chemical “chain” starts to break down resulting in microscopic particles that mix in with the soil (more on this later). How long that process takes is not clear.
Plastic’s Impact:
Plastic, in any form, has only been around a little more than half a century. Even the most conservative scientists believe it will take at least several hundred years for plastic to photo-degrade when exposed to the correct conditions. I’ve heard the range debated somewhere between 500-1000 years. Whatever the number, plastic experts agree that it’s a long, long time and we have not had any first hand evidence of its decomposition. Most likely, every single piece of plastic created is still here on this planet. That’s a lot of plastic.
Let’s take a quick look at the energy consumed and pollution potential of the plastic bag. According to Boustead Consulting & Assoc. Ltd who produced a recent report for the Progressive Bag Alliance, polyethylene uses less energy, oil and water (potable) than paper bags made with 30% recycled fibers. Their study also shows that plastic grocery bags emit fewer greenhouse gases and less solid waste.
This report also admits that reusable bags may be the preferred alternative (see, told ya!) but points out that most people don’t remember to bring them. Ahhh…that may be true, but I believe that people are smarter than that and when they understand the value associated with bringing their own bags, they’ll remember. But I digress….
Plastic not being recycled can be burned yielding roughly 10,000 to 20,000 btu per pound, most of which can be used to create electricity. This can help to reduce the overall sulfur emissions from coal.
The burning of plastics has its cons. Inks and additives found in plastic can create dioxins when burned as well as emit heavy metals into the air. I must note that the plastics industry claims that more and more manufacturers now use water based inks. However, the ash itself is toxic and needs to be disposed of in toxic waste dumps. Despite these ink improvements, do you believe the continued burning of plastics for energy use justifies the continued consumption of limited natural resources?
Plastic also impacts the environment through landfills. Plastic does not readily degrade in a landfill, hence, your yogurt container will be there for centuries. Biodegradable plastic is really non-existent. Biodegradable plastic is typically made from wood fibers mixed with plastic. When the bag is disposed of, the wood fibers break down leaving millions of tiny plastic pieces to mix in with the soil. There are newer, compostable plastics derived from plant material on the market but those are not the focus of this piece.
I take issue with these microscopic particles that mix in with the soil. One could reasonably argue that we wouldn’t know these particles existed in the soil and that they wouldn’t affect the growth of plants. Fair enough. Personally, I hold the belief that healthy soil equals healthy food. Adding plastic to the mix seems to go against nature. However, my greatest concern is the potential effect on animals and aquatic life who can’t discern between digestible particles and these microscopic plastic bits that their systems do not accept as food (this is assuming most animals don’t wash their veggies like we do). These particles will either poison animals and aquatic life or become part of their system. These animals are then ingested by larger prey, so on and so forth, until it may very well end up on your dinner plate or at the local sushi bar. I’ll pass, thank you very much.
An argument can be made that plastic decreases landfill mass. Plastics, as a whole, make up 18% of waste by volume and 7% by weight (plastic bags themselves are light and take up very little space). If plastic were to be replaced by other materials, trash weight would increase by 150%, packaging would weigh 300% more and energy consumed by the industry would increase by 100%.
Then again, plastic bags are a significant source of litter all over the world. Unlike a paper bag, that will biodegrade quickly when exposed to the elements, the lowly plastic bag will simply soar with the wind until it becomes entangled in a tree or dangles from a shrub in your flower bed. Nice.
The Origin of Paper Bags:
Paper comes from trees – and lots of them.
The paper grocery bag is an American innovation and was designed in 1883. It’s made from kraft paper – the word ‘kraft’ coming from the German language meaning ‘strong’. Kraft paper is known for its strength and course texture. It’s strength lends to its reusability.
According to the American Forest & Paper Association, 2007 marked an all-time high of 56% for the recycling of paper consumed in the U.S. Curbside paper collection is easy and readily available in most parts of the country. While I applaud the consumer and the industry for reaching this goal and beyond (the industries goal is 60% by 2012) I’d like to point out that the manufacturing of paper products, like plastic, consumes natural resources and creates pollution. As a matter of fact, the production of a paper bag consumes 1 gallon of water (yep, per bag) equating to 50 times that of plastic bags. Yikes!
How does a paper bag get from forest to grocery store? Trees are found, marked and felled. Machinery is then used to remove the logs from the forest floor – whether by logging or, in more remote areas, helicopters.
Machinery requires fossil fuels and roads (which destroy habitat) thereby creating stress on the forests’ inhabitants (even logging a small area has a large impact on the entire ecological chain in surrounding areas).
Trees must dry at least three years before they can be used to make paper. Once aged, machinery is used to strip the bark, which is then chipped into 1 inch squares and cooked under tremendous heat and pressure. This wood stew is then ‘digested’ with a limestone and sulfurous acid for eight hours. The steam and moisture is vented to the outside atmosphere, and the original wood becomes pulp. It takes approximately three tons of wood chips to make one ton of pulp.
The pulp is then washed and bleached, both stages requiring thousands of gallons of clean water. Coloring is added to more water, and is then combined in a ratio of 1 part pulp to 400 parts water to make paper. The pulp/water mixture is dumped onto a web of bronze wires, the water showers through, leaving the pulp to dry. This final product is then rolled into paper.
Whew! What a lot of resources to just make the paper. We must include all of the chemicals, electricity, and fossil fuels used in the shipment of this raw material and in the production and shipment of a finished paper bag.
Where does a paper bag end its useful life?
Paper, when thrown away, can either be recycled or end up in the landfill. If it finds its way to the landfill, over time (and usually many, many, many years) it will break down into organic material. Paper bags can also be recycled in your yard (used as an effective weed barrier under top soil) and it will break down much faster. If it’s lucky enough to be recycled, the following process occurs:
The paper must be returned to pulp. This is done by the use of several different chemicals including sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium silicate. These chemicals bleach and spread out the pulp fibers. These fibers are then run through cleaning and screening sequences that remove any contaminants. The pulp must then be washed with clean water to remove ink particles that were removed from the paper by the chemical process. Flotation is a common way to remove ink. The pulp is submerged in clean water and heated. The ink attaches to air bubbles, which must then be removed before they break and let the ink float back to the pulp.
Most recycling centers treat the water they use to remove contaminants. Screens and mechanical cleaners are the typical methods used. Another, more environmentally friendly method is called ‘sludge handling’. Sludge is composed of water, inks, pigments and small particles of waste. The materials are separated and cleaned. By including this process, it reduces any waste that may have to be taken to the landfill. These waste materials can be used in bricks, fertilizers and other useful products.
Other uses for paper bags:<br>
A well-packed, single, grocery-size paper bag can hold the same volume of loot as 4 plastic bags. They hold a lot. Reuse them as trash can liners, book covers, or other craft projects. They also make great weed barriers (put down over weeds and cover with mulch) and eventually break down and naturally compost. Did you know paper bags can be composted (provided they don’t have a lot of printing on them)? Throw them straight into the compost pile (tear into small pieces for best results) or fill with yard green waste and toss straight into your compost pile.
Conclusion
Both paper and plastic bags consume large amounts of natural resources and the majority will eventually end up in the landfill. Both bags can be recycled to some extent and can be utilized around the house. I’ve read several studies comparing the two choices and none of them agree. Some feel plastic is the better overall choice, others paper. It’s really tough to say. Paper may consume more resources to produce, however, it is also more recyclable than plastic if you include the fact that paper can be composted and plastic bags cannot.
In my opinion, neither one is the winner. the best choice overall is to use a reusable bag. Many are made from recycled materials such as the new ChicoBag rePETe bag or natural materials such as our cotton string bags. Depending on the style, they’ll hold from 25-40lbs and last for years. Most can be machine washed and can be kept in the car, glove compartment, purse or backpack. If your local supermarket gives you 5 cents a bag every time you use it, and you buy groceries once a week, it’ll pay for itself in about a year and a half. Most bags last for 3-10 years and beyond (I still have my original string bags that are over 10 years old and going strong). Many countries around the globe and many cities here in the US are banning the use of plastic bags at checkout or are charging for them. This makes the adoption of reusable bags are an even smarter choice.
Taking all the above information into consideration, feel confident that you’re making an informed decision the next time you’re at the grocery store. The most important thing to remember is to utilize every possible use for both the plastic and paper bags you do end up with to lengthen their life and minimize the impact on both the environment and our natural resources.
Tags: paper bags, plastic bags, reusable bags
i like this website it rocks and it help me finish a plastic bags should be banned disccussion assignment!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:)
[...] Paper vs. Plastic – The Shopping Bag Debate « Greenfeet Blog [...]
Excellent information I will share with others. Paper and plastic should simply go into a quiet extinction.
Hi,
Its good to read.Thanx for sharing the knowledge ..But Paper bags torn when they are wet
not happens in plastics bags 
.How about jute bags.
[...] Paper vs. Plastic – The Shopping Bag Debate « Greenfeet Blog [...]
Plastic is the best way to go. Less pollution. A LOT LOT less! Ever work for a pulp wood company? I have and I will NEVER EVER use paper over plastic. I also worked in a landfill. Plastic may not biodegrade for a long time but it compacts very well.
Thanks for the feedback TJC. I think you provide a great argument of how neither plastic or paper are good options. Instead, let’s all use reuable bags whenever possible!
Since 2006 when I began my campaign to rid our nation of plastic one use bags, I have seen the lines at the grocery stores filled with ‘Greenies’. Four years ago I was alone and now the movement is getting legs. Only the beginning – we have to far to go, but this is the first time since recycling was introduced that the public is taking a cause seriously. We have a long way to go, but keep the info out there and more will follow
Great feedback Teri! It feels great to see things finally start to kick in however I agree that we still have a lot of work to do to increase awareness. Thank you for adding your comments and I hope to hear more from you again!.
great stuff. in my opinion, they both suck. we should all use reusable bags. STOP USING EITHER!!!
Wow! That’s a lot of information. Thanks for your efforts. I will definitely be working harder than ever to make sure I have my reusable bags with me. And if I ever need to buy any more of those, I will be looking for something Cradle to Cradle.
Thank you so much for posting this. It was so helpful to me in helping me decide on whether to use paper or plastic. Not only that, it also helped me to finish my research project on the paper vs. plastic debate.
So…would you rather kill a tree or choke a fish?
sup,
i think paper bag is better and plastic bag is dom as much people go to to plastic bag they dont use there brains so paper bag vs. plastic bag. paper bag ir better!!!!!!!!!
Hi,
I would like to cite this article for a school project, but I can’t find the author’s name anywhere. Author of this article, could you please email me your name? Thank you very much, and thank you for the really thorough article!
-Anika
I own a clothing boutique and we have gotten rid of all our plastic bags. We are very happy with our eco-friendly reusable non-woven bags. Although they are more costly initially but in the long run they save us money as all our clients bring them back in therefore eliminating the distribution of another bag. We looked all over for reusable bags and got the best price, service and quality from PEARLPACKAGE.COM. I would really recommend using them. They’re great!!
I really think everybody should use reusable bags. I mean really. They are washable, never shrink, and THEY DON’T CHOKE FISH or KILL TREES!! That is my main point. This article is going to help alot with my Paper or Plastic assinment in my Going Green class. Thanks for the feedback.
-Liz
Thanks for the post, good info. its hard to find useful information these days. every blog or site you go to is just copy posting the same old content just to be “blogging”. its refreshing to hear something different, no matter the topic. anyway thank you.
I own a clothing boutique and we have gotten rid of all our plastic bags. We are very happy with our eco-friendly reusable non-woven bags. Although they are more costly initially but in the long run they save us money as all our clients bring them back in therefore eliminating the distribution of another bag. We looked all over for reusable bags and got the best price, service and quality from PEARLPACKAGE.COM. I would really recommend using them. They’re great!!
[...] Although there is debate about which one (plastic vs. paper) is worse for the environment, there is no debate that the widespread adoption of eco friendly reusable shopping bags is by far the best solution for this significant environmental problem. [...]
[...] Now, I always knew that it was better for the environment to use reusable bags. Also, it’s less costly for businesses. However, I didn’t know that paper bags were so shady. . [...]
[...] carrying it up two flights of stairs! Plastic is much more reliable in that regard. Here’s a great site for further reading on the [...]
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hi guys…
I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article. I am hoping the same best work from you in the future as well and i have start my own blog now, wedding flower arrangement, thanks for your effort…
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first of all the non-wooven bags are the normal platic bags only the feel of the material is diffrent.I persoanlly feel that the platic bags are for more superior to paper bags in terms of resources required to make or recycle,tensile strenth compact qulaities,etc.Also now there are ample of technologies are available which make platic bags 100% degradable.The life of the bag can be programmed as per requirement.We should all attempt to follow the principles of reuse,recycle and recover.to save our enviroment.
I choose plastic for 2 reasons.
1) Less energy used.
2) I reuse every single one of them as a trash bag, or sometimes for other purposes. In my city I am required to put all trash into tied bags. I’ve actually been cited for this. If I use paper (which isn’t even offered at any of the stores I frequent) or reusable bags, I have to buy trash bags. Trash bags weigh much more for the amount of trash they hold, so I would guess they use even more resources.
I absolutely hate the idea that we will ban them because people can’t be responsible for their own trash.
Reading through the comments, I see people recommending recycled trash bags or other “green” bags. I’d love to see the energy and resources used to make 1 of those vs 4 or 5 grocery bags.
Someone mentioned stores providing cardboard boxes instead of bags. Thus reusing the boxes and preventing them from making it into the land fill. Around here (So Cal) nearly every store has card board compacters and they recycle it. It’s way to valuable to be giving out to customers.
Ultimately reuse, recycle, reduce is the best strategy. No one will convince me paper is better than plastic though. Any one who thinks it is is delusional. The problem is people are pigs and have no respect for others or the environment.
One last thing, several times people mentioned paper is better because it’s recyclable. Get a clue will ya. So is plastic, not to mention the huge amount of energy required to recycle paper.
I try to use reusable bags, but when I forget them (though after reading this I will try really hard not to forget them) at home or in the car, usually I don’t get an option of paper or plastic. If given one, I would choose paper. I reuse the paper bags for mailing books & I shread them and put them in my worm bin (along with veggie scraps) to make great vermicompost for my garden, I like that they decompose.
Sure maybe paper does take up more room, but in the long run it will take much, much less since they decompose. 200 years from now (If our Lord hasn’t returned yet) where will these landfilled plastic bags be (and lots of them)? Still in the land fill. As far as using so much water in paper bag processing? I presume they clean it and reuse it, don’t they? Either way, the water eventually evaporates, goes into the atmosphere and comes back down to earth as rain water. Nature has it’s own filters to clean it to some extent. We can’t waste water really, it’s always somewhere going through the repeated processes of nature via evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. But we can pollute it.
Sounds like they can clean it though so it wouldn’t be as much of an issue. And then there is the pollution issue, I don’t like it either, but if we’re going to go as far as not using paper bags, we should probably quit buying things in paper boxes, quit buying writing and printer paper (no more post-its either ya’ll) And maybe the government could quit writing all these rediculous health bills and bail outs that they keep passing (that sure would save A LOT of paper)…just a thought. As far as pollution, we should quit using cleaning chemicals (including laundry detergent,shampoo, hair spray, etc….), pesticides, gas and oil for our cars, pharmacuticals (that’s an industry that puts off some smelly pollution- not to mention that after they’re used and they …ahem…return through human waste back to nature….it ends up in our drinking water), I could go on, but I won’t.
I’d be willing to bet that I could find dozens of products that people use every day that produce more pollution than in the manufacturing of paper bags. I’d be willing to guess also that the manufacturing, recycling, and (slow) decomposition of plastic bags puts off a whole lot of polution into not only our air but our soil. It seems that our country is already at the point of where we can’t REALLY produce anything that is truly natural. The food we eat with pesticides, chemicals, antibiotics, GMO, to me it’s all contaminated with pollution. And when we grow it, who knows, I found lots of plastic pieces in the compost soil I purchased for my garden. It can’t be good for us. We all need to get back to our roots and think about the toll that our greediness and selfishness (having it easy and convienent) is taking on our health and our land. That’s my 2 cents. (Okay maybe $2 dollars worth…lol) Loved your article and info. Keep up the good work.
[...] than plastic if you include the fact that paper can be composted and plastic bags cannot." Paper vs. Plastic – The Shopping Bag Debate Greenfeet Blog __________________ People are most conservative on issues that they know most about. –Ann [...]
Thanks for the great feedback Trisha! You bring up a lot of good points. We all need to start somewhere and for a lot of folks that’s as simple as losing our plastic (and paper) bag habit. One step at a time!
Keep up the positive work yourself and stay in touch!
Hi Eric
Thanks for the great feedback! I wouldn’t go so far as saying people who think paper is better than plastic are delusional – they’re not (and that includes me). However, we should be striving to use neither and instead focus on the habit of using reusables and/or not taking one at all.
As far as plastic goes – recycling plastic has a pretty big footprint itself. First of all, VERY few plastic bags get recycled at all – most end up in the trash do let’s not kid ourselves there. Rarely does a municipality take plastic bags (vs most who DO take paper) and that’s an added step for people to take it to the store with them. Second, those that do end up in the recycling bin are most likely to end up on a barge headed to China for down-cycling into something like plastic lumber which is then put on a barge and shipped to the US. As you can see – neither one is optimum.
The point of this article is to show that the best option is reusable or none at all.
Aha – the key word is degradable. It’s NOT the same as biodegradable or preferably compostable. Degradable simply means they degrade into millions of tiny particles that pollute the earth. How is that helpful? Let’s work to minimize the use of plastic altogether. There are now bio materials designed to work with the earth, grown and created sustainably and are much healthier for all parties.
I am tired of the debate about whether to use paper or plastic.
There are some simple facts:
It is hugely cheaper to recycle paper than it is plastic.
Paper can be recycled without any use of power. There are natural ways of papermaking that require nothing more than naturally occurring substances, and some work. It’s not infinitely recyclable – nothing is – but it is so simple and cost-effective that we ought to be concentrating on that before anything else. Humans have been recycling paper for centuries already, and use old rags and other fibers to make paper in basically the same way. It’s great stuff.
Plastic is not the same.
No matter how you try to recycle plastic, it is costly in terms of labor and fuel. It is not possible to recycle plastic without expensive machinery. The only safe and cheap way to get use out of unwanted plastic is to find a way of using it as it is. Two examples are: a clear plastic plate used as a window, an old CD used to keep birds off seedling plants in your vegetable garden.
Plastic is tough stuff. We don’t know how long it will last, because we haven’t had plastic around for long enough yet. But we do know that it lasts for several lifetimes at least.
We should be using plastic for things that we want to be around for a long, long, time. I know that our society is based upon disposable things, and it is about time we changed that. We can get back to the kind of society that values things that live on because they are always being reused. But it takes each person to do their bit.
I use a couple plastic tubs in the trunk of the car to stow shopping. I don’t use any kind of bag unless it’s frozen stuff when I use paper. I have had the tubs since the early 1990′s and they are just as good and useful as they were when I got them.
And I keep looking for ways to avoid throwing plastic away.
… and what about all of the packaging surrounding the products we buy? Even if you bring a re-usable bag to the grocery store, most everything there is either wrapped in a bag, put in a box, or wrapped in a bag AND put in a box.
If we could eliminate individual product packaging, our waste would be dramatically reduced.
Some simple tips to reduce waste:
- Don’t buy something if it has excess packaging
- Donate used things to thrift stores instead of throwing things away
- Buy used stuff on Craigslist, eBay, Amazon, or at thrift stores
- Buy quality things that resist damage, so you don’t end up with broken junk
Trees are renewable…once cut, they can be replanted. And, they definitely do not need to be dried for three years before being pulped – this is just plain misinformation. Trees are chipped almost straight from the log truck. And, logging with helicopters is very expensive and probably never used to harvest pulpwood sized trees (they aren’t worth that much). Logging provides private forest landowners with a good source of income which can help pay their property taxes…helping them to retain ownership; the alternative in many cases? Sell to a developer. Support forestry – it’s sutainable and GREEN.
You hit the nail on the head with this one. We all need to stop being lazy and start using reusable bags.
Hello,
Good article, interesting and informative.
A question for you: Do you recycle plastic,milk containers,packaging etc.
Answer: Quite likely.Most people do.
Well Ive been researching plastic recycling and most of the recycled material is low grade so cant be used for most things.
SO THEY MAKE PLASTIC BAGS OUT OF IT!!!!.
Sorry to be the bringer of bad news but thats what I found.
The recycling industry is currently mismanaged, Lawrence.
SUSINO is specilized in eco-friendly shopping bags for over 10years.
I don’t want to use plastic, for following reasons:
1. Pollute the environment.
2. Not Eco-friendly & Reusable.
3. Not decomposed.
4. Most of Governments are make some rules to ban the use plastic.
Thanks……..
Very informative post, I just added you to my Google News Reader. Keep up the great work Look forward to reading more from you in the future.
I despise some grocers that like to double bag everything, put my gallon of milk in a bag and the like. I stop them most of the time. I always save my plastic bags too, re use them as garbage bags and such. An ex girlfriend once wove a small mat out of them that i thought was neat.